A Centuries-Old Practice, A Deadly Tradition
   FGM and Religion: A False Connection -- FGM, or female circumcision as it is also - but incorrectly - known, is practiced by Muslims, Christians, animists, and nonbelievers in a range of communities, often under the mistaken belief that it is a religious
   http://www.unicefusa.org/issues99/jan99/feature3.html

Articles about Female Circumcision
   Historical articles in U.S. medicine.
   http://www.noharmm.org/morepages.htm#Science/Sociology

Common Denominators Between Male and Female Circumcision
   Lists similarities between male and female circumcision.
   http://www.noharmm.org/comparison.htm

Epidemiology Of Female Sexual Castration In Cairo, Egypt
   In 1985, a group of 350 urban Egyptian women were selected to self-report on their recall of their female sexual castration (FSC) which they experienced as children.
   http://www.nocirc.org/symposia/first/badawi.html

Erroneous Belief Systems Underlying Female Genital Mutilation in Sub-Saharan Africa and Male Neonatal Circumcision in the United States: a Brief Report Updated
   Hanny Lightfoot-Klein. Presented at The Third International Symposium on Circumcision, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland May 22-25, 1994.
   http://www.nocirc.org/symposia/third/hanny3.html

Female Circumcision Comes to America
   by Linda Burstyn - Atlantic Monthly, Oct 1995 - Performed by new immigrants, veiled in deference to a cultural tradition of the developing world, female circumcision is becoming an American problem.
   http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/fgm/fgm.htm

Female Circumcision Issues Page
   The World Health Organization had a conference in February 1979 in Khartoum, Sudan, and unanimously condemned the mutilations as disastrous to womens health and as indefensible on medical as well as humane grounds. In the United States, Rep. Pat Schroede
   http://www.eskimo.com/~gburlin/female.html

Female Circumcision: Indications and a New Technique
   This 1959 medical journal article reveals how American medicine condoned female circumcision with arguments similar to those still used today to justify male circumcision. Offers this article for historical reference only, as well as to emphasize these si
   http://www.noharmm.org/femcirctech.htm

Female Genital Mutilation (Female Circumcision)
   by ReligiousTolerance.org
   http://www.religioustolerance.org/fem_cirm.htm

Female Genital Mutilation - A Human Rights Information Pack (1998)
   from Amnesty International
   http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/femgen/fgm10.htm

Female Genital Mutilation: Strategies For Eradication
   by Fran P. Hosken - Female genital mutilation - the descriptive term for the different types of operations are "excision" and "infibulation" - continues to be practiced in large regions of Africa, from the Red Sea Coast to the shores o
   http://www.nocirc.org/symposia/first/hosken.html

First lady celebrates African village that ended female circumcision
   News Star Online - Apr 2, 1998 - Hillary Rodham Clinton, meeting with villagers who have ended the practice of female circumcision in their community, praised the village for having started "a great movement."
   http://www.news-star.com/stories/040298/lfe_hillary.html

Genital Mutilation & The United Nations: Male And Female Circumcision, Human Rights, & The Restoration Of Spiritual Integrity & Freedom
   by Anastasios Zavales - The world community is increasingly educated on crimes against humanity, in particular, about individuals practicing genital mutilation, commonly termed circumcision. Genital mutilation affects more than 2 million girl­child victi
   http://www.nocirc.org/symposia/fourth/zavales4.html

Global Women Intact
   Specializing in female circumcision, genital mutilation, and alternative ritual of passage information.
   http://www.celebrateclitoris.com/

How is Female Circumcision Trivialized?
   "In the same manner as male circumcision, of course!" - Read an extensive list of medical and lay comments about female circumcision.
   http://www.noharmm.org/trivial.htm

Irin News: Boost for Anti-FGM Effort
   United Nations humanitarian report from Kenya explains how a series of seminars resulted in the resignation two hundred practitioners of female genital mutilation. Includes outline of the cultural aspects.
   http://www.oneworld.net/external/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport.asp%3FReportID%3D39965%26SelectRegion%3DEast_Africa%26SelectCountry%3DKENYA

Islam and Female Circumcision
   By Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad, Ph.D. - Minaret of Freedom Institute. Brief article discussing religion and female genital mutilation.
   http://www.minaret.org/fgm.htm

Knuckleheaded Islamic Thought: Female Circumcision
   An angry commentary.
   http://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/circumcision/circum.html

Male and Female Circumcision - Related Pages
   Anatomy and Function - Commentary - Ethics, Law, Human Rights - Religion - Science and Sociology - Statistics
   http://www.noharmm.org/morepages.htm

Mutilated Humanity
   by Ashley Montagu - The story of bodily mutilations would occupy a large volume in the story of humankind, and few would be more strange and interesting than those relating to male and female circumcision.
   http://www.nocirc.org/symposia/second/montagu.html

NPR : Asylum & Genital Mutilation
   A Nigerian woman is fighting deportation, saying she needs to stay because of her 10-year-old daughter, who is an American citizen. The mother has overstayed her visa by more than a decade. She says she can't leave her daughter in the US, but she says in
   http://discover.npr.org/features/feature.jhtml?wfId=1034891

NPR : Atlanta Female Circumcision Case Stirs Concern
   The arrest of an Ethiopian citizen in Atlanta, Ga., raises concerns that female circumcision -- a form of genital mutilation common in some African nations -- is being performed on young women in the United States. NPR's Ari Shapiro reports. 5.5 minutes r
   http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1763682

NPR : Nigerian Woman Challenges Mutilation Ritual
   NPR's Libby Lewis reports on a Nigerian woman who is trying to have the practice of female genital mutilation accepted as a violation of the anti-torture convention, which the United States has signed. The woman lives in Dallas, but is here illegally and
   http://discover.npr.org/features/feature.jhtml?wfId=909044

Senegal bans female circumcision
   BBC News Online - Dec 23, 1998 - Senegal has banned female circumcision on cultural or religious grounds. Anybody found practising circumcision on girls now faces up to five years in prison.
   http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/241230.stm

The Rite of Female Circumcision
   Ethnic NewsWatch - "No one should live in fear of having parts of her genitals sliced off against her will."
   http://www.africa2000.com/bndx/circum.html

Welcome to Womanhood
   A video about female circumcision and the effort to stop the practice. - 14 minutes, Grades 10-Adult, Directed by Charlotte Metcalf, Produced by TVE and BBC, 1998, VHS ISBN: 1-56029-755-7
   http://www.bullfrogfilms.com/catalog/wtw.html